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Energy Budgets00:51

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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Related Experiment Video

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Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications
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Evolution of Reproduction Periods in Seasonal Environments.

Zepeng Sun, Kalle Parvinen, Mikko Heino

    The American Naturalist
    |September 24, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Species adapt reproduction to seasonal resources, evolving continuous or seasonal breeding. Seasonal breeding can be income-based or capital-based, using energy reserves, with distinct evolutionary pathways.

    Keywords:
    adaptive dynamicschanging environmentsconsumer-resource interactionseco-evolutionary dynamicsquantitative geneticsseasonal reproduction

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Theoretical Ecology

    Background:

    • Seasonal resource availability influences species reproduction timing.
    • Understanding evolved reproductive strategies in fluctuating environments is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how reproductive schedules evolve in response to resource seasonality.
    • To identify different modes of reproduction based on environmental conditions and species traits.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a stage-structured consumer-resource model.
    • Incorporated resource-dependent juvenile development and maturation.
    • Analyzed evolutionary outcomes under varying seasonality levels.

    Main Results:

    • Identified three reproduction modes: continuous income breeding, seasonal income breeding, and seasonal capital breeding.
    • Continuous income breeding occurs with no seasonality.
    • Seasonal income breeding evolves when juveniles are more efficient foragers; capital breeding evolves when adults are more efficient, utilizing energy reserves.
    • Transitions between income breeding modes are continuous, but shifts to capital breeding show hysteresis.

    Conclusions:

    • Environmental seasonality drives diverse reproductive strategies in species.
    • The evolution of reproduction involves distinct modes, influenced by resource availability and foraging efficiencies.
    • Hysteresis in the transition to capital breeding means past evolutionary states can influence current strategies.