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Eyewitness Memory01:22

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Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function...
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Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
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Firearm examination: Examiner judgments and computer-based comparisons.

Erwin J A T Mattijssen1,2, Cilia L M Witteman1, Charles E H Berger2,3

  • 1Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Journal of Forensic Sciences
|September 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic firearm examination accuracy improved by combining computer analysis with examiner judgment. This hybrid approach enhances the reliability of determining cartridge case sources in legal proceedings.

Keywords:
calibrationcomparison algorithmerror ratesexpert decision makingforensic firearm examinationinconclusivesjudgmentreliabilityvalidity

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Ballistics
  • Pattern Evidence Analysis

Background:

  • Firearm examination is crucial for legal proceedings, identifying the source of fired cartridge cases.
  • Current methods rely on expert human examiners comparing microscopic features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the accuracy of a computer-based method and human examiners in firearm source determination.
  • To compare computer-generated scores with examiner confidence levels.
  • To evaluate the validity of examiner judgments and explore potential improvements.

Main Methods:

  • A computer-based system and 73 firearm examiners analyzed breechface and firing pin impressions from 48 comparison sets.
  • True-positive (sensitivity) and true-negative (specificity) rates were calculated for both methods.
  • Correlation analysis was performed between computer scores and examiner confidence judgments.

Main Results:

  • Computer method achieved 94.4% sensitivity and >=91.7% specificity.
  • Examiners achieved >=95.3% sensitivity and >=86.2% specificity.
  • Combined analysis of breechface and firing pin impressions improved accuracy.
  • Examiner confidence judgments were poorly calibrated and overconfident, especially in difficult cases.

Conclusions:

  • Combining computer-based analysis with examiner expertise can enhance firearm examination validity.
  • Examiner reluctance in difficult cases warrants further investigation.
  • Performance feedback may improve the calibration of examiner confidence judgments.