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Facial soft tissue thickness differences among different vertical facial patterns.

Maria Saadeh1, Hasan Fayyad-Kazan2, Ramzi Haddad3

  • 1Lebanese University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanon; American University of Beirut, Lebanon.

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|September 24, 2020
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Summary

Facial type significantly impacts facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) norms, particularly in the lower face. Accounting for vertical facial patterns improves accuracy in forensic facial approximation and anthropological studies.

Keywords:
Cephalometric normsSoft tissue thicknessVertical divergence

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Craniometry
  • Facial Reconstruction

Background:

  • Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) is crucial for forensic facial approximation.
  • Existing FSTT norms are influenced by ethnicity, age, sex, and measurement errors.
  • Vertical facial type is a potential, under-examined factor affecting FSTT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of vertical facial type on adult FSTT measurements.
  • To assess correlations between FSTT and cephalometric measurements of hard and soft tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of lateral cephalometric radiographs from 222 adults.
  • Categorization into hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent facial types using MP/SN angle.
  • Statistical analysis including MANOVA and Pearson correlation.

Main Results:

  • Vertical facial divergence significantly affected FSTT at Stomion, Labiomentale, and Pogonion.
  • FSTT measurements showed associations with lower facial landmarks (Lm, Pog).
  • Moderate to high correlations were found between mandibular and ramus lengths and lower facial FSTT.

Conclusions:

  • Vertical facial type is a significant factor influencing FSTT, especially in the lower face.
  • Underlying skeletal morphology, particularly mandibular dimensions, is strongly related to lower facial FSTT.
  • Incorporating vertical facial patterns may enhance the accuracy of FSTT estimations in forensic and anthropological contexts.