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Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...

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Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons.

Christian Prehal^1,2, Harald Fitzek³, Gerald Kothleitner^3,4

¹Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria. cprehal@ethz.ch.

Nature Communications

|September 25, 2020

Summary

Aqueous iodine energy storage forms solid iodine deposits in nanoporous carbons, preventing self-discharge. This breakthrough enhances sustainable battery and supercapacitor performance by controlling iodine species.

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Energy Storage

Background:

Aqueous iodine-based electrochemical energy storage offers a sustainable alternative to current technologies.
The precise reaction mechanisms governing iodide, iodine, and polyiodide interconversion in nanoporous carbons remain unclear.
Self-discharge due to shuttling of dissolved iodine species limits device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the electrochemical reaction mechanism of iodide oxidation in nanoporous carbon electrodes.
To investigate the formation and behavior of iodine species under confinement.
To develop strategies for improving iodine utilization and preventing self-discharge in energy storage devices.

Main Methods:

In situ Raman spectroscopy to monitor redox species.
In situ small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) to analyze structural changes.
Stochastic modeling to quantify solid iodine formation and visualize its structure.

Main Results:

Electrochemical oxidation of iodide leads to persistent solid iodine deposition within nanoporous carbons.
Confinement significantly slows the dissolution of iodine into triiodide and pentaiodide, mitigating shuttling.
In situ SAXS/WAXS confirmed substantial solid iodine accumulation and allowed sub-nanometer scale structural visualization.

Conclusions:

The formation of solid iodine deposits is a key mechanism in aqueous iodine energy storage.
Controlling iodine speciation and deposition is crucial for enhancing energy storage performance and sustainability.
Strategies for optimizing iodine pore filling and preventing self-discharge were demonstrated, applicable to hybrid supercapacitors and batteries.