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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

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Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
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Cognitive processes affect social behavior by guiding how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to social stimuli. These mental processes enable individuals to assess others' behaviors, attribute causes to their actions, and form expectations based on past experiences.Causes of Behavior and Social JudgmentsIndividuals determine the causes of others' behaviors by distinguishing between personal traits and external circumstances. For example, if a friend frequently arrives late, an...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

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Functional Connectivity Changes in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Correspond to Interference Control and Obsessions

Iveta Fajnerova1, David Gregus1,2, Anna Francova1,2

  • 1National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Klecany, Czechia.

Frontiers in Neurology
|September 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to altered brain connectivity. This study found that changes in orbitofronto-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits and the precuneus correlate with cognitive deficits and OCD symptoms.

Keywords:
Stroop testanxietyfunctional connectivityinhibitory/interference controlobsessions and compulsionsobsessive–compulsive disorderresting state

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with neurocognitive deficits, particularly in inhibition control and cognitive flexibility.
  • These deficits are thought to be mediated by alterations in orbitofronto-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits and the precuneus region.
  • Previous research indicates morphological and functional changes in CSTC circuits in OCD patients, linked to symptom severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between altered functional connectivity (FC) within CSTC nodes and the precuneus.
  • To determine the relationship between these FC alterations, OCD symptoms, and measures of cognitive flexibility and interference control.
  • To elucidate the neural underpinnings of cognitive and clinical features in OCD.

Main Methods:

  • Functional connectivity (FC) was assessed in 36 OCD patients and matched healthy controls using fMRI.
  • FC was analyzed within the executive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and affective (orbitofrontal cortex/anterior cingulate) CSTC circuits, and the precuneus.
  • Multiple regression analyses examined associations between significant FC alterations and cognitive (Stroop test) and clinical measures (obsessions, compulsions, anxiety).

Main Results:

  • Increased FC was observed between CSTC seeds and parieto-occipital regions, and between the precuneus and angular gyrus/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  • Decreased FC was found within the CSTC loop (caudate nucleus, thalamus) and between the anterior cingulate cortex and the limbic lobe.
  • Altered FC of the thalamus with the somatomotor parietal cortex correlated with Stroop test performance and obsession severity.

Conclusions:

  • OCD patients exhibit altered FC, characterized by increased connectivity from CSTC regions to other cortical areas and decreased connectivity within CSTC loops.
  • The precuneus plays a significant role in OCD pathophysiology.
  • The link between thalamus-somatomotor cortex FC, cognitive performance, and obsession severity highlights the interconnectedness of cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and OCD symptoms.