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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Web-based Fully Automated Cephalometric Analysis: Comparisons between App-aided, Computerized, and Manual Tracings.

Pamir Meriç1, Julia Naoumova2

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.

Turkish Journal of Orthodontics
|September 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Fully automated cephalometric analysis (CephX) showed greater variability than manual tracings. However, CephX with manual correction is a viable, faster alternative to traditional methods like Dolphin and CephNinja.

Keywords:
Appsartificial intelligenceautomated identificationautomatic tracingcephalometriccomputerized tracingweb-based

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Radiology
  • Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Background:

  • Cephalometric analysis is crucial in orthodontics for diagnosis and treatment planning.
  • Traditional manual tracing is time-consuming and prone to inter-operator variability.
  • Automated and app-aided cephalometric tracing methods offer potential for increased efficiency and accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the accuracy of fully automated (CephX), computerized (Dolphin), and app-aided (CephNinja) cephalometric tracings against manual tracings.
  • To evaluate the time efficiency of each cephalometric analysis method.

Main Methods:

  • Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 40 patients were analyzed using Dolphin, CephNinja, and CephX.
  • Manual tracings were performed by three operators for comparison.
  • Intra- and inter-examiner reliability (ICC) and inter-group differences (ANOVA, Tukey test) were assessed.
  • Tracing time was recorded for each method.

Main Results:

  • CephX exhibited greater variability and statistically significant differences in several parameters compared to manual tracings.
  • CephNinja and Dolphin analyses were comparable to manual tracings.
  • Manual correction of CephX landmarks improved its accuracy, making it comparable to CephNinja and Dolphin.
  • CephX offered the shortest analysis time.

Conclusions:

  • Fully automated CephX requires further refinement for improved reliability.
  • CephX with manual landmark correction presents a promising, time-efficient option for clinical cephalometric analysis.
  • App-aided (CephNinja) and computerized (Dolphin) methods demonstrate accuracy comparable to manual tracings.