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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview01:07

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
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Brain Imaging01:14

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Frédérique Liégeois1, Rachael Elward2

  • 1Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College, London, United Kingdom.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 26, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional MRI (fMRI) offers insights into neurodevelopmental disorders like dyslexia and epilepsy by mapping brain activity. While valuable for research, its clinical diagnostic use in children is limited due to replication and specificity issues.

Keywords:
ChildrenDyslexiaEpilepsyFunctional MRILanguage disordersMultivoxel pattern analysisPsychophysiological interactionsResting-state fMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Functional MRI (fMRI) is a key tool for assessing neurodevelopmental disorders, capable of detecting functional brain network alterations.
  • The clinical impact and added value of fMRI in pediatric neurodevelopmental assessments remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of task-based and resting-state fMRI applications in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • To introduce promising analysis methods like PPI and machine learning.
  • To discuss the strengths and limitations of fMRI in pediatric clinical settings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of task-based and resting-state fMRI studies in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Introduction of advanced analysis techniques such as psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) and machine learning.
  • Discussion of clinical utility, strengths, and limitations.

Main Results:

  • fMRI has enhanced understanding of developmental conditions, informing neuroanatomical models and revealing compensatory mechanisms.
  • Improvements have made fMRI more child-friendly.
  • Group studies provide unique insights into brain function in conditions like dyslexia, DLD, and epilepsy.

Conclusions:

  • fMRI offers valuable insights into neurodevelopmental disorders but faces challenges in clinical application.
  • Limitations include lack of result replication, limited diagnostic specificity, and interpretation difficulties.
  • Current clinical use is restricted, primarily to epilepsy surgery planning.