Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
09:03

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Published on: November 7, 2020

5.3K

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations

Pedro A Pousa1, Tamires S C Mendonça1, Eduardo A Oliveira2

  • 1Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

Jornal De Pediatria
|September 27, 2020
PubMed

Insights

COVID-19 in children commonly affects systems beyond the lungs, with gastrointestinal and renal issues being most frequent. Understanding these extrapulmonary manifestations is crucial for pediatric care.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has presented unique challenges in pediatric populations.
  • While respiratory symptoms are common, extrapulmonary manifestations in children require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the most frequent extrapulmonary manifestations observed in pediatric COVID-19 cases.
  • To discuss the clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological characteristics of these non-respiratory presentations in children.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed for pediatric COVID-19 cases with extrapulmonary involvement.
  • The search covered articles published between January 1, 2020, and June 21, 2020, using relevant keywords and age filters.
  • Data from 28 articles, encompassing 199 pediatric patients, were reviewed and synthesized.

Main Results:

  • Gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, and neurological systems were the most commonly affected non-pulmonary sites in pediatric COVID-19.
  • Hematological, lymphatic, cutaneous, hepatic, ocular, olfactory, and gustatory systems also showed involvement.
  • Multisystem inflammatory syndrome and Kawasaki-like disease were noted in some pediatric cases.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric COVID-19 exhibits diverse extrapulmonary manifestations, influenced by children's unique immune responses.
  • Variations in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expression may contribute to differing disease patterns in children.
  • Further research into these aspects is essential for effective pediatric management of COVID-19.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19ExtrapulmonaryKawasaki like-diseaseMultisystemic inflammationPediatricSARS-CoV-2

More Related Videos

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions09:02

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

1.9K
Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery06:09

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery

Published on: February 14, 2019

7.2K

Related Concept Videos

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
1.6K
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
1.0K
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.1K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
3.9K
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
1.4K
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
456