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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst01:25

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Hunger and thirst are fundamental physiological drives crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the survival of both humans and animals. These drives are regulated through complex interactions between the brain, hormones, and sensory receptors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
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A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

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TRH in the nucleus accumbens acts downstream to α-MSH to decrease food intake in rats.

E Alvarez-Salas1, F Gama1, G Matamoros-Trejo1

  • 1Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. México-Xochimilco No. 101. San Lorenzo Huipulco, CDMX 14370. Mexico.

Neuroscience Letters
|September 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) mediates some effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in reducing food intake. This suggests TRH modulates feeding motivation beyond homeostatic regulation.

Keywords:
FeedingNucleus accumbensThyrotropin-Releasing hormoneα-MSH

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

Background:

  • Feeding regulation involves homeostatic and hedonic pathways.
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are key peptides in feeding control.
  • These peptides and their receptors are found in brain regions like the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens (NAc).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of TRH signaling in the NAc in mediating α-MSH-induced feeding reduction.
  • To determine if the TRHergic pathway in the NAc is downstream of α-MSH actions.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of α-MSH into the NAc of fasted rats.
  • Measurement of food intake, TRH mRNA, and MC4R mRNA expression in the NAc.
  • Co-administration of α-MSH with antisense oligonucleotide against pro-TRH mRNA in the NAc.

Main Results:

  • α-MSH administration in the NAc reduced food intake and increased TRH mRNA while decreasing MC4R mRNA.
  • Downregulation of MC4R mRNA suggests a compensatory mechanism.
  • Blocking TRH synthesis in the NAc impaired α-MSH-induced feeding reduction.

Conclusions:

  • TRH in the NAc plays a role in mediating the effects of α-MSH on food intake inhibition.
  • TRH in the NAc contributes to modulating the motivational aspects of feeding, not just homeostatic regulation.