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Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

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Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Household economic instability: Constructs, measurement, and implications.

Taryn W Morrissey1, Yun Cha2, Sharon Wolf3

  • 1Department of Public Administration and Policy, School of Public Affairs, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016, United States.

Children and Youth Services Review
|September 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Family income and employment instability are common, especially for less-educated families and those with young children. Employment decreases significantly predict future household hardship, highlighting the need to consider economic instability in safety net programs.

Keywords:
Economic instabilityEmploymentHardshipIncome

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Area of Science:

  • Socioeconomic factors
  • Family economics
  • Labor market dynamics

Background:

  • Family income and employment dynamics are complex and multifaceted.
  • Existing metrics for household economic instability require further examination for robust comparisons.
  • Understanding associations between instability, household characteristics, and hardship is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically examine and compare common measures of income and employment instability.
  • To investigate how these measures interrelate and vary by household characteristics.
  • To assess the predictive power of economic instability for household hardship.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized longitudinal data from the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) panel.
  • Focused analysis on households with children.
  • Examined descriptive measures of income (earnings, public assistance) and employment status instability.

Main Results:

  • High rates of income and employment instability were observed, particularly among less-educated families, those with young children, and non-homeowners.
  • Decreases in employment were strongly associated with increased household hardship within three months.
  • The source of income in instability measures significantly influenced identified patterns and conclusions.

Conclusions:

  • Economic instability, especially employment fluctuations, is a significant predictor of household hardship.
  • The composition of income within instability measures is critical for accurate analysis.
  • Public assistance benefit instability necessitates consideration in safety net program design.