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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Dendritic Spine Analysis for Balanced Manual and Automated Assessment in the Hippocampus CA1 Apical Dendrites
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Author Spotlight: Optimizing Dendritic Spine Analysis for Balanced Manual and Automated Assessment in the Hippocampus CA1 Apical Dendrites

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Dendritic Spine Plasticity: Function and Mechanisms.

Karen Runge1, Carlos Cardoso1, Antoine de Chevigny1

  • 1Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
|September 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dendritic spines, crucial for brain connections, are dynamic structures. Their formation and disappearance are vital for learning and may play roles in brain disorders.

Keywords:
dendritic spine plasticitymolecular controlsneurodevelopmental disordersstructural plasticitytwo photon imaging

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Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Cultured CNS Neurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Dendritic spines, postsynaptic sites of excitatory synapses, were first described by Ramón y Cajal in 1888.
  • Early studies using electron microscopy (EM) and observations of decreasing spine density with age suggested spine dynamics.
  • Two-photon microscopy (TPM) in live animals confirmed the dynamic nature of dendritic spines, including their formation, elimination, and stabilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging concepts addressing the triggers and molecular mechanisms of dendritic spine dynamics.
  • To explore the role of spine dynamics in neural circuit modification, learning, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on dendritic spine dynamics.
  • Analysis of findings from techniques like two-photon microscopy (TPM) and electron microscopy (EM).

Main Results:

  • Spine dynamics are modulated by neuronal activity and developmental stage.
  • Emerging concepts are beginning to elucidate the signals and molecular players governing spine dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding dendritic spine dynamics is key to deciphering neural circuit function, learning, and the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.