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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Reservoir Engineering
  • Enhanced Oil Recovery

Background:

  • Foam applications are increasingly studied for heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs to enhance gas sweep and manage high gas-oil ratios (GOR).
  • Limited experimental data exists on foam matrix transport properties in carbonates compared to sandstones.
  • Understanding foam behavior in carbonates, especially with residual oil, is crucial for effective field applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate foam generation and transport mechanisms in carbonate rocks.
  • To evaluate the impact of remaining oil on foam performance.
  • To assess the potential of foam as a gas shut-off technique in high-GOR wells.

Main Methods:

  • Co-injection of Alpha Olefin Sulfonate (AOS) solution and nitrogen (N2) gas into outcrop Indiana Limestone cores.
  • Experiments conducted at high pressure and temperature after surfactant adsorption.
  • Foam generation and transport evaluated in both oil-free and residual oil conditions across various gas fractions.

Main Results:

  • In oil-free cores, foam generation was rapid, with the strongest foam observed at a 90% gas fraction.
  • Foam generation and propagation were significantly delayed in the presence of residual oil, requiring higher AOS concentrations (5 wt%).
  • Persistent foams were generated and maintained stability against significant nitrogen pressure gradients (up to 0.5 bar/m) in both scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Foam, particularly using AOS, demonstrates effectiveness in carbonate reservoirs, even with residual oil present.
  • Designed foam treatments can be a cost-effective and low-risk method to mitigate high GOR, improve gas handling, and reduce gas reinjection issues.
  • Further research into foam transport in carbonates can optimize EOR strategies and well productivity.