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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Gender-based differential item functioning in the Cannabis-Associated Problems Questionnaire: A replication and

Brianna R Altman1, Maha N Mian1, Dev Dalal1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.

Addictive Behaviors
|September 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Gender bias in cannabis problem measures may hide real differences between men and women. The Cannabis-Associated Problems Questionnaire (CAPQ) shows fewer gender biases than expected, with true gender differences persisting.

Keywords:
CannabisCannabis problemsDifferential item functioningGender

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Substance Use Research
  • Gender Studies

Background:

  • Gender bias in cannabis problem measures can obscure true differences in user experiences.
  • Previous research indicated gender-based differential item functioning (DIF) in the Cannabis-Associated Problems Questionnaire (CAPQ).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and extend findings on gender-based DIF in the CAPQ.
  • To investigate gender differences in cannabis-related consequences.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed data from 4053 cannabis users.
  • Conducted a DIF analysis on the CAPQ.
  • Examined gender differences in global CAPQ scores before and after removing biased items.

Main Results:

  • Global CAPQ scores showed apparent gender differences.
  • Two gender-biased items were identified, one previously noted.
  • Removing biased items did not significantly alter the scale's relation to cannabis use.
  • Gender differences persisted on the CAPQ even after removing biased items.

Conclusions:

  • The CAPQ demonstrates less gender bias than previously assumed, potentially due to evolving gender stereotypes.
  • The short form of the CAPQ is recommended to minimize gender-based DIF.
  • Further attention to potential biases in substance use measures is warranted.