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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
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Optically transparent coding metasurface with simultaneously low infrared emissivity and microwave scattering

Zhen Meng, Changhui Tian, Cuilian Xu

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    This study introduces an optically transparent coding metasurface using indium tin oxide (ITO) films. The novel structure achieves low infrared (IR) emissivity and significant microwave scattering reduction for stealth applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Metamaterials and Nanophotonics
    • Electromagnetics and Optics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Metasurfaces offer tunable electromagnetic responses.
    • Achieving multispectral stealth requires simultaneous control over visible, infrared, and microwave frequencies.
    • Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a transparent conductive material with tunable optical and electrical properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate an optically transparent coding metasurface with low infrared emissivity and reduced microwave scattering.
    • To design ITO-based coding elements for specific phase responses.
    • To investigate the multispectral stealth capabilities of the fabricated metasurface.

    Main Methods:

    • Design of two ITO coding elements with 0° and 180° phase responses.
    • Development of four coding sequences, including one for random diffusion.
    • Fabrication and experimental measurement of a random diffusion coding metasurface prototype.
    • Characterization of visible light transmittance, IR emissivity, and microwave scattering reduction.

    Main Results:

    • The random diffusion metasurface achieved at least 10dB backward scattering reduction from 3.8GHz to 6.8GHz for normal incident electromagnetic (EM) waves.
    • The structure exhibited polarization insensitivity.
    • Averaged visible light transmittance reached 72.2%.
    • Low infrared (IR) emissivity of approximately 0.275 was obtained.
    • Experimental results showed good agreement with simulations.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed ITO coding metasurface effectively reduces microwave scattering while maintaining high visible light transmittance.
    • The structure exhibits low IR emissivity, demonstrating multispectral compatibility.
    • The metasurface shows potential for applications in multi-spectral stealth and camouflage.