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Condensins02:15

Condensins

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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The condensin holocomplex cycles dynamically between open and collapsed states.

Je-Kyung Ryu1, Allard J Katan1, Eli O van der Sluis1

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Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) complexes organize chromosomes. Budding yeast condensin, a DNA loop-extruding motor, uses ATP-driven conformational changes between O and B shapes to compact DNA.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) complexes are crucial for chromosome organization.
  • Condensin, an SMC complex, functions as a DNA loop-extrusion motor, but its mechanism is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism of DNA loop extrusion by the budding yeast condensin complex.
  • To investigate the conformational dynamics of condensin during DNA binding and extrusion.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to visualize single condensin complexes.
  • Dynamic conformational changes of condensin in the presence of ATP and DNA were observed.

Main Results:

  • Budding yeast condensin primarily exists in open 'O' and collapsed 'B' shapes, dynamically interconverting.
  • ATP binding drives the transition from the O to B shape.
  • Condensin binds DNA through its globular and hinge domains, with a single complex observed at the stem of extruded DNA loops.
  • The DNA loop neck size correlates with the width of the condensin complex.

Conclusions:

  • Condensin extrudes DNA through a scrunching mechanism involving cyclic conformational switching between O and B states.
  • This conformational cycling is regulated by ATP binding and DNA interaction.