Heme-binding ability of bovine milk proteins

Bovine milk proteins bind calcium and some bind other metal ions or heme. The examination of heme-binding proteins in colostrum and milk using hemin-agarose beads (HA) showed α-casein, κ-casein and lactoferrin (Lf) to be heme-binding proteins. α-Casein and Lf are iron- and heme-binding proteins, and α- and κ-casein bind to HA, as does Lf. κ-Casein and Lf have higher affinity to zinc ion than does α-casein, and κ-casein and Lf interact with α-casein-immobilized beads (CasB). The addition of α-casein to κ-casein bound to CasB decreased the amount of bound κ-casein compared with in the absence of α-casein, and κ-casein likely increases α-casein self-association. α-Casein binds Lf bound to neither iron nor heme, as shown by experiments with the apo-form. Beads with immobilized poly-L-lysine bind heme but Lf inhibits this binding. These results indicate that α-casein, κ-casein and Lf are both heme- and zinc-binding proteins, and that α-casein interacts with κ-casein and Lf through protein-protein interactions. Additionally, Lf shows higher affinity to hemin than does poly-L-lysine.