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Related Concept Videos

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Multiple Neuroinvasive Pathways in COVID-19.

Dmitri Bougakov1, Kenneth Podell2, Elkhonon Goldberg3,4

  • 1Luria Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, USA.

Molecular Neurobiology
|September 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, impacts the brain directly and indirectly, leading to diverse neurological symptoms and potential long-term cognitive impairment.

Keywords:
COVID-19Cognitive impairmentEncephalopathyNeuroCovidNeurocognitive sequelae

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is recognized as a multi-organ disease beyond respiratory symptoms.
  • The brain is a target, affected through direct viral invasion or indirect mechanisms.
  • Neurological manifestations are diverse, ranging from anosmia to severe encephalopathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the direct and indirect mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion.
  • To summarize the spectrum of neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19.
  • To highlight concerns regarding long-term cognitive sequelae and potential neurodegenerative risks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on COVID-19 and neurological manifestations.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms of viral entry into the central nervous system.
  • Synthesis of reported clinical symptoms and potential long-term outcomes.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 can infect the brain via olfactory nerves or the bloodstream, crossing the blood-brain barrier.
  • Neurological symptoms include anosmia, headaches, seizures, confusion, and coma.
  • Hypoxia, immune responses, and clotting disorders contribute to brain damage.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 poses significant risks to neurological health, with potential for persistent cognitive deficits.
  • Long-term follow-up is crucial to understand the full scope of neurocognitive sequelae.
  • Establishing patient registries and follow-up protocols is urgently needed.