Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

1.5K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
1.5K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

82.2K
Overview
82.2K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.1K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.1K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

38.9K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
38.9K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

82.1K
Overview
82.1K
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

610
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
610

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correlated clustering and projection for dimensionality reduction.

Machine learning: science and technology·2026
Same author

FAM134B isoform 2/RETREG1-2 defines a calnexin-TOLLIP-coupled ER-phagy pathway that restricts Ebola virus glycoprotein and is antagonized by VP40 through macro-autophagy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Manifold topological deep learning for biomedical data.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

CAP: Commutative algebra prediction of protein-nucleic acid binding affinities.

Machine learning: science and technology·2026
Same author

A pH-driven receptor switch from ACE2 to NPC1 enables endosomal entry of SARS-CoV-2.

Research square·2026
Same author

TMEM259/MEMBRALIN is a non-canonical ER-phagy receptor that associates with MAN1B1 and VCP to eliminate viral glycoproteins.

Autophagy reports·2026
Same journal

Correction: Bulatov et al. Camelpox Virus in Western Kazakhstan: Assessment of the Role of Local Fauna as Reservoirs of Infection. <i>Viruses</i> 2024, <i>16</i>, 1626.

Viruses·2026
Same journal

Correction: Franco et al. Whole Blood Volume-Based Absolute Quantification of HTLV-1 Proviral Load: A Comparative Method Evaluation Study. <i>Viruses</i> 2026, <i>18</i>, 580.

Viruses·2026
Same journal

Correction: Medkour et al. Adenovirus Infections in African Humans and Wild Non-Human Primates: Great Diversity and Cross-Species Transmission. <i>Viruses</i> 2020, <i>12</i>, 657.

Viruses·2026
Same journal

Burden of Malaria and Dengue Across Global, Asian, and Chinese Populations Based on GBD 2021 Data: A Quantitative Assessment of Importation Risks to China.

Viruses·2026
Same journal

First Report of <i>Orthonairovirus songlingense</i> in <i>Haemaphysalis concinna</i> Ticks from Russia.

Viruses·2026
Same journal

Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Jiangsu Province, China, 2024.

Viruses·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection
10:25

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

5.0K

Host Immune Response Driving SARS-CoV-2 Evolution.

Rui Wang1, Yuta Hozumi1, Yong-Hui Zheng2

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Viruses
|September 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Host immune responses, specifically APOBEC and ADAR gene editing, drive most SARS-CoV-2 mutations. Viral evolution trends and high-risk populations for COVID-19 were also identified.

Keywords:
ADARAPOBECCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2gene editing

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays
06:03

Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.6K
Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
05:23

Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: December 23, 2020

6.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection
10:25

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

5.0K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays
06:03

Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.6K
Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
05:23

Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: December 23, 2020

6.4K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 are critical for managing the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Over 15,000 SARS-CoV-2 mutations have been documented, impacting diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive genotyping analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mutations.
  • To identify the primary drivers of viral mutations.
  • To investigate demographic and geographic variations in COVID-19 severity and viral evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive genotyping analysis of existing SARS-CoV-2 mutations.
  • Analysis of mutation types and their correlation with host immune responses (APOBEC, ADAR).
  • Comparative analysis of population responses across different continents and age groups.

Main Results:

  • Host immune responses, via APOBEC and ADAR gene editing, account for approximately 65% of recorded SARS-CoV-2 mutations.
  • Children under five and the elderly may face higher COVID-19 risks due to exaggerated immune responses.
  • Populations in Oceania and Africa exhibit more intense reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to Europe and Asia.
  • The ratio of C > T to T > C mutations can predict the evolutionary order of related viral sequences.

Conclusions:

  • Host APOBEC and ADAR gene editing are major contributors to SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity.
  • Specific age groups and geographic populations display differential susceptibility and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
  • Mutation type ratios offer insights into viral evolutionary trajectories.