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The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Monitoring Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells upon Viral Infection Using Impedance-Based Real-Time Cell Analysis
07:56

Monitoring Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells upon Viral Infection Using Impedance-Based Real-Time Cell Analysis

Published on: May 5, 2023

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Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19.

Alexandra E Oxford1, Fabio Halla1, Evan B Robertson1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may infect endothelial cells, causing vascular issues in COVID-19 patients. This review explores the molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell pathology and potential therapies targeting vascular dysfunction.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2coronavirusendothelialexosomestransdifferentiationvascular

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pathology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The clinical, histological, and molecular features of SARS-CoV-2 remain incompletely understood.
  • COVID-19 presents with unusual clinical manifestations compared to other coronaviruses.
  • Emerging evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 infects endothelial cells, potentially explaining significant clinical pathology and increased mortality linked to vascular dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 causes endothelial cell pathology.
  • To connect endothelial cell dysfunction to the broader clinical presentation of COVID-19.
  • To review current knowledge on inflammatory pathways, endothelial cell-derived exosomes, and transdifferentiation in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on molecular and cellular pathology of SARS-CoV-2 in endothelial cells.
  • Examination of canonical inflammatory pathways involved in COVID-19.
  • Assessment of SARS-CoV-2's impact on endothelial cell-derived exosomes and transdifferentiation.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells is a key factor in COVID-19 pathology.
  • Endothelial cell dysfunction is strongly associated with increased COVID-19 mortality.
  • The virus alters inflammatory responses and endothelial cell behavior, including exosome release and transdifferentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial cell pathology is central to understanding COVID-19's clinical manifestations and severity.
  • Targeting endothelial function presents a promising therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.
  • Further research into SARS-CoV-2's molecular interactions with endothelial cells is crucial for developing effective treatments.