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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence
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Primary Cilia and Calcium Signaling Interactions.

Hannah Saternos1, Sidney Ley1, Wissam AbouAlaiwi1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Calcium ions (Ca2+) and cilia are crucial for cellular functions, from development to sensing stimuli. Their complex interplay at the single-cell level is vital for health and disease, including ciliopathies.

Keywords:
calcium signalingchemosensationfluid shearmechanosensationprimary cilia

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as ubiquitous secondary messengers in diverse cellular processes.
  • Cilia, both motile and non-motile, are critical for biological functions including development, fluid dynamics, and cellular signaling.
  • Existing research on Ca2+-dependent cellular actions and cilia often focuses on tissue-specific contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of proposed functions involving cilia and Ca2+ interplay.
  • To summarize evidence for Ca2+ and cilia interactions in fundamental cellular activities.
  • To briefly discuss pathological alterations in cilia and Ca2+ signaling in ciliopathies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on cilia and Ca2+ signaling.
  • Focus on basic cellular activities such as cell cycle, polarity, migration, and secretion.
  • Examination of cross-disciplinary evidence from various biological systems.

Main Results:

  • Cilia and Ca2+ signaling are intricately linked in basic cellular processes like mechanosensation, chemosensation, and electrosensation.
  • Interactions are evident in cell cycle regulation, polarity, migration, neuronal patterning, insulin secretion, biliary regulation, and bone formation.
  • Evidence suggests widespread, context-specific interactions at the single-cell level, though direct literature is scarce.

Conclusions:

  • Cilia and Ca2+ signaling exhibit complex, context-dependent interactions essential for numerous cellular functions.
  • Abnormalities in these interactions at tissue or single-cell levels can lead to ciliopathies.
  • Further investigation into single-cellular level interactions is warranted given their fundamental importance.