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Hookworms in Emergency Department: The ＂Vampire＂ Within.

Michael Doulberis1,2, Apostolis Papaefthymiou3, Jannis Kountouras2

  • 1University Hospital Inselspital Bern Department of General Internal Medicine Bern Switzerland.

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Summary

Hookworm infection, a neglected tropical disease, causes anemia and gastrointestinal issues due to blood-feeding nematodes like Necator americanus. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for patient and public health.

Keywords:
AncylostomaNecatoranemiaemergency departmenthookworm

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Area of Science:

  • Tropical Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Hookworm infection is a prevalent soil-transmitted helminthic disease in tropical regions, caused by Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.
  • Despite being a "neglected" disease, hookworm infection poses significant challenges to elimination and carries substantial economic consequences.
  • The parasites feed on host blood in the small intestine, leading to iron deficiency anemia and eosinophilia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concise overview of hookworm infection, encompassing epidemiology, taxonomy, and socioeconomic impact.
  • To elucidate the pathogenesis and life cycle of hookworm parasites.
  • To describe the clinical manifestations, including those presenting in emergency departments, and outline therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes information on hookworm infection through a concise explanation of its various aspects.
  • It covers epidemiology, taxonomy, socioeconomic factors, pathogenesis, and parasite life cycle.
  • Clinical manifestations and therapeutic options are also detailed.

Main Results:

  • Hookworm infections present with diverse symptoms, including anemia, eosinophilia, and sometimes obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Patients may exhibit diffuse general symptoms, complicating emergency department diagnosis.
  • Understanding the parasite's life cycle and clinical presentations is key to effective management.

Conclusions:

  • Increased awareness and critical evaluation of patients from endemic areas can improve hookworm case identification.
  • Prompt diagnosis and effective therapy alleviate patient suffering and benefit healthcare systems and societies.
  • Addressing this neglected disease is vital for global health and economic well-being.