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Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
Published on: January 10, 2025
Use of Model-Informed Drug Development to Streamline Development of Long-Acting Products: Can These Successes Be
Li Li1, Doanh Tran1, Hao Zhu1
1Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA;
Abstract:
Long-acting contraceptives are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods. Increasing patients' access to these contraceptives may translate into fewer unintended pregnancies and lead to substantial individual and public health benefits. However, development of long-acting products can be complex and challenging. This review provides (a) an overview of representative development programs for long-acting antipsychotics as cases for conceptual translation to long-acting contraceptives, (b) several case examples on how modeling and simulation have been used to streamline the development of long-acting products, and (c) examples of challenges andopportunities in developing long-acting contraceptives and information on how exposure-response relationships of commonly used progestins may enable regulators and developers to rely on prior findings of effectiveness and safety from an approved contraceptive to streamline the development of long-acting contraceptives. The US Food and Drug Administration is seeking assistance from stakeholders to provide data from studies in which pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic or clinical outcomes of hormonal contraceptives were evaluated and not previously submitted.
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