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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression
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Spinal cord dysfunction after COVID-19 infection.

Gianluca Sampogna1,2, Noemi Tessitore1, Tatiana Bianconi1

  • 1Unipolar Spinal Unit and Neurourology Service, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.

Spinal Cord Series and Cases
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This study reports on spinal cord dysfunction (SCD) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Two cases involved spinal epidural abscesses potentially linked to tocilizumab treatment, while one case presented with spinal cord ischemia.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with a wide range of neurological complications.
  • Spinal cord dysfunction (SCD) is a rare but serious potential sequela of severe COVID-19.
  • Understanding the mechanisms and clinical presentations of COVID-19-associated SCD is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.

Observation:

  • Three male patients developed spinal cord dysfunction (SCD) following COVID-19 infection between February and July 2020.
  • Case 1: 69-year-old with T10 paraplegia due to spinal cord ischemia and diffuse thromboses 27 days post-COVID-19.
  • Cases 2 & 3: 56 and 48-year-old males with tetraplegia and paraplegia, respectively, due to spinal epidural abscesses (SEAs) 16-29 days post-COVID-19.

Findings:

  • All three patients experienced respiratory failure, required mechanical ventilation, had cardiovascular risk factors, and received tocilizumab (TCZ) for COVID-19.
  • Spinal cord ischemia was observed in one patient, while SEAs were diagnosed in the other two.
  • The findings suggest two potential etiologies for SCD post-COVID-19: spinal cord ischemia and SEAs possibly related to TCZ treatment.

Implications:

  • This is the first report detailing spinal cord dysfunction following COVID-19.
  • The study highlights the diverse neurological manifestations of COVID-19, extending to the spinal cord.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms linking COVID-19, treatments like TCZ, and the development of spinal cord pathologies.