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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites
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GISS-E2.1: Configurations and Climatology.

Maxwell Kelley1,2, Gavin A Schmidt2, Larissa S Nazarenko2,3

  • 1SciSpace LLC New York NY USA.

Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
|October 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The GISS-E2.1 model shows improved skill in simulating climate compared to previous versions. Enhancements in atmospheric and ocean components lead to better representation of climate variability and Southern Ocean conditions.

Keywords:
CMIP6General Circulation ModelNASA GISSclimate change

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Area of Science:

  • Climate modeling
  • Earth system science
  • Atmospheric and oceanic sciences

Background:

  • The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is crucial for advancing climate science.
  • Previous versions of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) model (GISS-E2) have contributed to climate research.
  • Continuous model development is necessary to improve climate projections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the GISS-E2.1 model's contribution to CMIP6.
  • To detail the advancements made in the GISS-E2.1 model compared to its predecessor.
  • To evaluate the improved performance of GISS-E2.1 in simulating climate.

Main Methods:

  • Parameterization improvements in atmospheric and ocean model components.
  • Utilizing updated forcings.
  • Maintaining consistent atmospheric resolution with the previous model version.

Main Results:

  • Significantly higher model skill compared to modern era climatologies.
  • Material impact of updated forcings on simulation results.
  • Specific improvements in representing modes of variability (e.g., Madden-Julian Oscillation) and Southern Ocean climate, including sea ice.

Conclusions:

  • GISS-E2.1 demonstrates enhanced performance and skill in climate simulation.
  • The model advancements contribute to a better understanding of climate variability and Southern Ocean dynamics.
  • Effective climate sensitivity to doubled CO2 is estimated at 2.7-3.1°C, influenced by radiative forcing and feedback mechanisms.