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Related Concept Videos

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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Isolate Cell-Type-Specific RNAs from Snap-Frozen Heterogeneous Tissue Samples without Cell Sorting
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Differences in small noncoding RNAs profile between bull X and Y sperm.

Hao Zhou1,2, Jiajia Liu3, Wei Sun2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

Peerj
|October 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals distinct small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) profiles in bull X and Y sperm. These differences, including microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA-derived fragments (tsRNAs), may influence fertilization and early embryonic development.

Keywords:
Sperm sncRNAX spermY spermmiRNApiRNAtsRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) play crucial roles in gene regulation.
  • Differences in sncRNA profiles between X and Y sperm are not well understood.
  • Understanding these differences could elucidate sex-specific regulation in reproduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically compare the sncRNA profiles of X and Y sperm in bulls.
  • To investigate the functional implications of differentially abundant sncRNAs.
  • To explore the potential roles of sncRNAs in sex determination and early embryonic development.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze sncRNA profiles in bull sperm.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) validated the abundance of specific miRNAs.
  • Bioinformatic analysis identified targeted genes and enriched biological pathways.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in the abundance of specific microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA-derived fragments (tsRNAs) were observed between X and Y sperm.
  • Functional analysis indicated that targeted genes are involved in nucleosome binding and catabolic processes.
  • Specific tsRNAs (tRNA-Ser-AGA and tRNA-Ser-TGA) were less abundant in X sperm.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides a comprehensive comparison of sncRNA profiles in bull X and Y sperm.
  • Differentially abundant sncRNAs may regulate sex-specific sperm characteristics and early embryonic development.
  • The findings enhance understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mammals.