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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Brain volume changes after long-term injectable opioid treatment: A longitudinal voxel-based morphometry study.

André Schmidt1, Marc Vogel1,2, Sophie Baumgartner1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Basel, Switzerland.

Addiction Biology
|October 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Long-term injectable opioid agonist treatment with diacetylmorphine (DAM) may alter brain structure. This study found changes in brain regions associated with addiction, suggesting sustained interaction between key neural systems.

Keywords:
anticipationbingebrain volume changeslong-term opioid treatmentvoxel-based morphometrywithdrawal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic condition with complex neurobiological underpinnings.
  • Injectable opioid agonist treatment (OAT) shows promise for treatment-refractory OUD.
  • Neuroplasticity in addiction networks is hypothesized to drive compulsive drug use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of long-term injectable OAT with diacetylmorphine (DAM) on brain structure in patients with OUD.
  • To examine volumetric changes in brain networks associated with binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess brain volumes in 22 patients undergoing long-term (approx. 9 years) DAM treatment.
  • Voxel-based morphometry analyzed volumetric changes in specific brain regions within addiction-related networks.
  • Pearson correlation examined relationships between brain volume changes and OUD features.

Main Results:

  • Long-term DAM treatment was associated with enlargement of the right caudate nucleus, linked to OUD duration.
  • Reduced volumes were observed in the right amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex.
  • These reductions correlated with opioid dose, age of onset, and state anxiety.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term OAT with DAM is associated with structural brain changes in key addiction-related networks.
  • These changes involve regions linked to binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation.
  • Findings suggest a sustained interaction between these neural systems during long-term treatment.