Ethical Issues
Psychosurgery
Ethical Dilemmas II
Ethical Dilemmas I
Nursing Ethical Principles II
Ethics and Bioethics
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Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Electroencephalographic Assessment in Disorders of Consciousness
Published on: July 11, 2025
Laureen D Hachem1, Mark Bernstein1,2
11Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; and.
Geriatric neurosurgery faces unique ethical challenges due to aging populations. Foundational ethical principles can guide complex treatment decisions for elderly neurosurgical patients.
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