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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Golf-Related Craniofacial Injuries in Adults: A NEISS Database Study.

Matthew J Brennan1, Sarah Fish1, Jason E Cohn2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4190 City Line Avenue, Philadelphia, PA.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|October 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Golf injuries commonly cause lacerations and fractures, particularly to the midface and nasal bone. Older adults are more likely to be admitted for treatment, highlighting the need for safety improvements in golf.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Craniofacial trauma from golf is underreported.
  • This study addresses the gap in understanding golf-related head and neck injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and describe trends in golf-related head and neck injuries.
  • Analyze injury types, anatomical locations, and patient disposition.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort analysis of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from 2009-2018.
  • Examined population characteristics, injury location, type, fracture patterns, and patient disposition.
  • Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Fisher exact test.

Main Results:

  • 509 golf-related injuries (24,425 national estimate) were recorded.
  • Lacerations (54.2%) were most common, followed by contusions/abrasions (27.3%).
  • Most frequent fractures: midface (40.43%), nasal bone (27.66%), mandible/skull (12.77%), cervical spine (6.38%).
  • Patients over 70 and those with fractures had higher admission rates.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding golf injury patterns aids in rapid detection and treatment.
  • Findings can inform safety precautions, rule reforms, and protective equipment development.