Circadian rhythms in temporal-network connectivity

Human activity follows a circadian rhythm. In online activity, this rhythm is visible both at the level of individuals as well as at the population level from Wikipedia edits to mobile telephone calls. However, much less is known about circadian patterns at the level of network structure, that is, beyond the day-night cycle of the frequency of activity. Here, we study how the temporal connectivity of communication networks changes through the day, focusing on sequences of communication events that follow one another within a limited time. Such sequences can be thought to be characteristic of information transfer in the network. We find that temporal connectivity also follows a circadian rhythm, where at night a larger fraction of contacts is associated with such sequences and where contacts appear more independent at daytime. This result points out that temporal networks show richer variation in time than what has been known thus far.