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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
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Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
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Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
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COVID-19 and the kidney.

Mohamed Hassanein1, Yeshwanter Radhakrishnan2, John Sedor3

  • 1Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can affect the kidneys, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). This review covers kidney damage mechanisms, management strategies, and impacts on various kidney patient groups during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • COVID-19, primarily a respiratory illness, shows significant kidney involvement.
  • The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, abundant in kidneys, for cell entry.
  • Current understanding of kidney pathology in COVID-19 is rapidly evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients.
  • To outline optimal management strategies for kidney complications associated with COVID-19.
  • To assess the impact of COVID-19 on patients with pre-existing kidney conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on SARS-CoV-2 and kidney pathology.
  • Discussion of viral entry mechanisms into renal cells.
  • Analysis of clinical data regarding AKI in COVID-19.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to AKI through various mechanisms.
  • Management requires tailored approaches based on patient's kidney status.
  • COVID-19 poses risks to patients with chronic kidney disease, end-stage kidney disease on dialysis, and transplant recipients.

Conclusions:

  • Kidney involvement is a critical aspect of COVID-19, necessitating focused clinical attention.
  • Effective management of AKI and protection of vulnerable kidney patient populations are paramount.
  • Further research is crucial to fully understand and mitigate the renal consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.