Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

6.0K
Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
6.0K
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

43.1K
Overview
43.1K
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

14.2K
Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
14.2K
Mutations01:35

Mutations

42.3K
Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
42.3K
Mutations01:39

Mutations

93.1K
Overview
93.1K
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

6.6K
Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
6.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Estimating the Sodium Content: A Case Series of Benign and Malignant Renal Tumours Using <sup>23</sup>Na-MRI at 3 T.

NMR in biomedicine·2026
Same author

On the speed of conscious perception: how soon is now?

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same author

An analysis of succinate dehydrogenase B in pleural mesothelioma.

Discover oncology·2026
Same author

Hetairos is a histology-based artificial intelligence model for predicting central nervous system tumor methylation subtypes.

Nature cancer·2026
Same author

People are turning to AI chatbots to plug gaps in health information.

Nature·2026
Same author

Spatial transcriptomics reveals clonal relationships between intraductal carcinoma and adjacent invasive prostate cancer.

Histopathology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
08:39

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools

Published on: December 28, 2021

5.2K

Extensive heterogeneity in somatic mutation and selection in the human bladder.

Andrew R J Lawson1, Federico Abascal1, Tim H H Coorens1

  • 1Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Somatic mutations and clonal selection occur in the normal human bladder. Genetic alterations vary significantly between individuals, highlighting diverse mutational processes in urothelium.

More Related Videos

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

12.9K
A Single Cell Dissociation Approach for Molecular Analysis of Urinary Bladder in the Mouse Following Spinal Cord Injury
09:50

A Single Cell Dissociation Approach for Molecular Analysis of Urinary Bladder in the Mouse Following Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: June 17, 2020

6.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
08:39

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools

Published on: December 28, 2021

5.2K
An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

12.9K
A Single Cell Dissociation Approach for Molecular Analysis of Urinary Bladder in the Mouse Following Spinal Cord Injury
09:50

A Single Cell Dissociation Approach for Molecular Analysis of Urinary Bladder in the Mouse Following Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: June 17, 2020

6.0K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Urology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • The landscape of somatic mutations and clonal selection in the normal human bladder is largely uncharacterized.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for deciphering early events in bladder cancer development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent and patterns of somatic mutation and clonal selection in normal human urothelium.
  • To identify frequently mutated genes and driver mutations within the bladder.
  • To explore interindividual variation in mutational processes and selection.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of 2097 bladder microbiopsies from 20 individuals.
  • Utilized targeted, whole-exome, and whole-genome sequencing approaches.
  • Analysis of mutational signatures and positive selection across genetic alterations.

Main Results:

  • Identified widespread positive selection in 17 genes, with chromatin remodeling genes frequently mutated.
  • Observed significant interindividual variation in clonal selection and driver gene dominance.
  • Detected heterogeneous mutational signatures, suggesting differential exposure to urinary mutagens, including APOBEC mutagenesis in 22% of samples.
  • Found mutations absent in several major bladder cancer genes within normal urothelium.

Conclusions:

  • Normal human urothelium harbors a complex landscape of somatic mutations and clonal selection.
  • Significant heterogeneity exists across individuals and clones, indicating diverse mutational exposures and evolutionary trajectories.
  • These findings provide critical insights into the early genetic events preceding bladder cancer.