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Coinfecting parasites can modify fluctuating selection dynamics in host-parasite coevolution.

Otto Seppälä1,2,3, Curtis M Lively4, Jukka Jokela1,2

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Coinfections with multiple parasites can drive host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics. The impact depends on whether coinfections increase host costs or involve resource competition between parasites.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Host-parasite interactions can lead to coevolutionary fluctuations in genotype frequencies.
  • These dynamics are often influenced by environmental factors and the presence of multiple parasite species.
  • Coinfections can alter host and parasite performance, complicating coevolutionary outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of coinfections by genetically specific and nonspecific parasites on fluctuating selection dynamics.
  • To model coevolutionary scenarios involving single infections, generalist coinfections with increased host costs, and coinfections with resource competition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized numerical simulations to model host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics.
  • Compared scenarios with single, genetically specific parasite infections against those with additional generalist parasite coinfections.
  • Incorporated parasite-induced host fitness costs and inter-parasite resource competition into the models.

Main Results:

  • Coinfections can enhance fluctuating selection dynamics, particularly when they increase host fitness costs.
  • Under resource competition, coinfections may either enhance or suppress fluctuating selection, contingent on parasite traits.
  • Parasite fecundity and induced fitness costs significantly influence the outcome of competitive coinfections.

Conclusions:

  • Coinfection dynamics are complex and can either stabilize or destabilize host-parasite coevolutionary fluctuations.
  • The impact of coinfections is highly dependent on the specific ecological context and the characteristics of the interacting parasites.
  • Understanding coinfection effects is crucial for predicting the long-term evolutionary trajectories of host-parasite systems.