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Dialects of Madagascar.

Maurizio Serva1, Michele Pasquini1

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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a comprehensive dataset of Malagasy language varieties, revealing insights into ancestral migration patterns and linguistic diversity across Madagascar. The findings suggest early settlement on the South-East coast around 650 CE.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Population Genetics
  • Historical Linguistics

Background:

  • The Malagasy language presents a unique case for linguistic study due to Madagascar's isolated history.
  • Existing datasets on Malagasy dialects are limited in scope and geographical representation.
  • Understanding dialectal variation is crucial for reconstructing migration patterns and historical interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create and analyze the most extensive dataset of Malagasy language varieties to date.
  • To refine methods for analyzing linguistic data, incorporating both vertical and horizontal transmission.
  • To establish the timeline of Malagasy language origins and pinpoint early settlement locations.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of 60 Swadesh lists (207 items each) from diverse Malagasy-speaking communities across Madagascar.
  • Classification of linguistic varieties using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic (UPGMA) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) algorithms for phylogenetic analysis.
  • Development of a novel method for analyzing linguistic data based on horizontal exchanges, creating a geographical representation of Madagascar.
  • Comparative analysis of the Malagasy language family tree with the Romance language family tree to estimate the date of arrival.

Main Results:

  • A new, comprehensive dataset of 12,420 Malagasy terms, representing 60 distinct varieties with precise geographical locations.
  • Phylogenetic analysis using UPGMA and NJ revealed genealogical relationships, while a new method accurately mapped linguistic diversity onto Madagascar's geography.
  • The estimated arrival date of Malagasy ancestors in Madagascar is approximately 650 CE, based on comparison with well-dated Romance language trees.
  • Linguistic diversity is highest along the South-East coast, suggesting it as a primary landing or dispersal point for early colonizers.
  • The Mikea dialect shows minimal divergence from neighboring Vezo and Masikoro variants, challenging theories of their isolation from aboriginal populations.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides robust evidence for the settlement and diversification of the Malagasy language.
  • The South-East coast is identified as a probable origin point for the dispersal of Malagasy language variants.
  • The findings suggest the Mikea people are not remnants of pre-colonial populations but integrated into the broader Malagasy linguistic landscape.