Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.7K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.7K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.4K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

9.0K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
9.0K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.3K
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

6.6K
Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
6.6K
Polymers02:34

Polymers

39.6K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
39.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Synthesis of Hydroxy-Functionalized Polyethylene via Radical Copolymerization of Ethylene with Alkenyl Boronate and Post-Polymerization Oxidation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Gallium-catalyzed recycling of silicone waste with boron trichloride to yield key chlorosilanes.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Radical Chemistry of Tetrazenes: Access to Polymers with Pristine Tetrazenyl Chain Ends and Depolymerization Applications.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Replacement of Toxic Hydrazines in Satellite Propulsion with Greener Dinitramide-Based Energetic Ionic Liquid Candidates.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024
Same author

Well-Defined Ti Surface Sites in Ziegler-Natta Pre-Catalysts from <sup>47/49</sup>Ti Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2024
Same author

Catalyst-Free Transfer Hydrogenation from Amine-Borane Small Oligomers.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

8.1K

Energetic Nitrogen-Rich Polymers with a Tetrazene-Based Backbone.

John Eymann1, Lionel Joucla1, Guy Jacob1

  • 1Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, CNES, ArianeGroup, LHCEP, UMR 5278, Bât. Raulin, 2 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

New energetic polymers with tetrazene units in the backbone offer enhanced properties. These novel polytetrazene binders decompose around 130°C and can be depolymerized for potential recycling.

Keywords:
azo compoundsdepolymerizationenergetic materialsnitrogenpolymers

More Related Videos

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
06:56

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 10, 2018

25.9K
Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
08:12

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

8.1K
Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
06:56

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 10, 2018

25.9K
Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
08:12

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.7K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energetic Materials

Background:

  • Traditional energetic binders often have energetic groups on side chains.
  • Incorporating energetic groups into the polymer backbone offers a novel approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Synthesize and characterize new energetic polymers with tetrazene units in the backbone.
  • Investigate thermal properties, glass-transition temperatures, and depolymerization behavior.
  • Explore potential for recycling pyrotechnic compositions.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polytetrazene monomers and polymers.
  • Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC) to determine decomposition temperatures and glass-transition temperatures.
  • Depolymerization studies using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP).

Main Results:

  • Polytetrazenes with trans-2-tetrazene units in the backbone were successfully synthesized.
  • Decomposition occurred around 130°C, independent of polymer structure.
  • Glass-transition temperatures ranged from -34.2 to 0.2°C, lowered to -61°C with a plasticizer.
  • Complete room-temperature depolymerization was achieved using HFIP within one week.

Conclusions:

  • Energetic groups integrated into the polymer backbone provide unique properties.
  • The synthesized polytetrazenes exhibit tunable thermal properties and efficient depolymerization.
  • HFIP-mediated depolymerization offers a pathway for recycling pyrotechnic materials.