Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

4.0K
A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
4.0K
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

46.9K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
46.9K
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

31.0K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
31.0K
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

22.4K
Overview
22.4K
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

64.5K
Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
64.5K
Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

660
Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
660

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hunting ecology predicts eye arrangements in the modular visual system of spiders.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same author

Phylogenomics resolves the century-old 'Zoraptera problem': Zoraptera as the earliest diverging lineage of Polyneoptera.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2026
Same author

Hummingbird and hawkmoth wing shape: Analysing functional convergence in analogous structures.

Integrative and comparative biology·2026
Same author

Integrated analysis of fossils and molecular divergence time estimates a latest Jurassic origin of angiosperms.

Nature plants·2026
Same author

Multiple resampled genomic matrices provide mixed support for arachnid monophyly.

Biology letters·2026
Same author

Determinism and contingency in the evolution of giant filter-feeding vertebrates.

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
08:02

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

10.2K

Computational Fluid Dynamics Suggests Ecological Diversification among Stem-Gnathostomes.

Humberto G Ferrón1, Carlos Martínez-Pérez1, Imran A Rahman2

  • 1School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad i Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.

Current Biology : CB
|October 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteostracans, ancient jawless vertebrates, had diverse swimming abilities based on headshield shape. Their varied hydrodynamic efficiencies challenge the view of them as limited bottom-dwellers.

Keywords:
computational fluid dynamicsecologygeometric morphometricsjawed vertebratesstem-gnathostomes

More Related Videos

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples
07:24

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

Published on: August 31, 2018

7.4K
Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
08:51

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

14.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
08:02

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

10.2K
In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples
07:24

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

Published on: August 31, 2018

7.4K
Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
08:51

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

14.4K

Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Functional Morphology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Vertebrate evolution shows a trend towards active, predatory lifestyles, dominated by jawed vertebrates.
  • Extinct jawless osteostracans are traditionally viewed as benthic organisms with limited locomotion.
  • This contrasts with the presumed active lifestyles of early jawed vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydrodynamic capabilities of osteostracan headshield morphology.
  • To assess the potential for diverse locomotor strategies in jawless vertebrates.
  • To challenge the conventional interpretation of osteostracans as ecologically constrained.

Main Methods:

  • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to analyze headshield morphology.
  • Hydrodynamic performance was evaluated based on morphology, substrate proximity, and angle of attack.
  • Different headshield morphotypes were analyzed for their efficiency in water flow control.

Main Results:

  • Osteostracan headshield shapes are compatible with varied hydrodynamic efficiencies and passive flow control.
  • Hydrodynamic performance is dependent on headshield shape, substrate interaction, and swimming angle.
  • Oblate headshields are efficient near the substrate; prolate headshields are efficient in open water.

Conclusions:

  • Osteostracan headshield morphologies suggest diverse hydrofoil functions, supporting ecological versatility.
  • The findings undermine the traditional view of jawless stem-gnathostomes as ecologically limited.
  • Locomotor diversity in osteostracans may predate the origin of jaws, challenging key innovation theories.