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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

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Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

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Neuroinflammation in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Stefania Vernazza¹, Sara Tirendi^2,3, Anna Maria Bassi^2,3

¹IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|October 3, 2020

Summary

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) involves oxidative damage and immune dysfunction. This review explores cellular factors like aging and trabecular meshwork defects contributing to POAG pathogenesis.

Keywords:

aging glaucoma neuroinflammation oxidative stress trabecular meshwork defects

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally.
Oxidative damage and immune response defects are increasingly implicated in POAG development.
Both trabecular meshwork dysfunction and neuroinflammation contribute to POAG pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review cellular processes contributing to POAG risk factors.
To synthesize current understanding of aging, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation in POAG.
To highlight the multifactorial nature of POAG pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on POAG pathogenesis.
Analysis of cellular mechanisms including oxidative stress and immune response.
Synthesis of findings related to aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glial cell activation.

Main Results:

Age-related free radical overproduction and oxidative stress are linked to immunostimulatory signaling.
POAG patients exhibit markers like reduced antioxidant defenses and glial cell activation.
Activation of the NF-κB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation are observed.

Conclusions:

Multiple cellular processes, including aging and oxidative stress, promote POAG risk factors.
Trabecular meshwork defects, glial activation, and neuroinflammation are key contributors.
Understanding these factors is crucial, though intraocular pressure remains the primary modifiable risk factor.