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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing Ischemic Stroke Damage Through Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
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Sex differences in stroke.

Peter Appelros1, Signild Åsberg2

  • 1University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Men have more strokes earlier in life, but women experience more severe strokes, leading to worse outcomes. Caregivers of female stroke survivors face significant mental health challenges and reduced quality of life.

Keywords:
Cerebrovascular accidentSex differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Sex disparities in stroke incidence and outcomes have been observed over the past two decades.
  • Men experience higher stroke incidence and earlier onset, while women face more severe strokes, particularly cardioembolic types, resulting in higher case fatality and poorer functional outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the sex-based differences in stroke, with a specific focus on subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH).
  • To analyze the impact of stroke on quality of life and caregiver burden in both male and female survivors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and epidemiological data on sex differences in stroke.
  • Analysis of stroke incidence, severity, case fatality, functional outcomes, and quality of life.
  • Examination of caregiver burden and mental health in relation to stroke survivor sex.

Main Results:

  • Stroke incidence is higher in men, occurring at an earlier age.
  • Women experience more severe strokes, leading to worse functional outcomes and lower quality of life post-discharge.
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is more common in women, though case fatality rates do not differ by sex.

Conclusions:

  • Significant sex disparities exist in stroke, affecting incidence, severity, and long-term outcomes.
  • Women survivors often face greater challenges with quality of life and require more external care.
  • Caregivers of female stroke survivors are at increased risk for depression and reduced well-being.