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Related Concept Videos

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
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Update on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Kathryn B Holroyd1, Giovanna S Manzano1, Michael Levy2

  • 1Harvard Mass General Brigham Neurology Residency.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|October 3, 2020
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Summary

Recent advancements in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) include improved diagnosis and targeted treatments. Three phase 3 trials show eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab effectively prevent NMOSD relapses.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe autoimmune condition causing optic neuritis and transverse myelitis.
  • Attacks can lead to significant disability, including blindness and paralysis.
  • Advances in understanding immunopathogenesis have spurred progress in diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent updates in the epidemiology, imaging, quality of life, and treatment of NMOSD.
  • To highlight breakthroughs in targeted therapies for relapse prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent epidemiological studies differentiating NMOSD based on antigen specificity (aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein).
  • Review of advancements in MRI and optical coherence tomography for NMOSD diagnosis.
  • Evaluation of three global, placebo-controlled, double-masked phase 3 clinical trials for NMOSD relapse prevention.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological studies increasingly recognize antigen-specific forms of NMOSD.
  • Imaging techniques are improving diagnostic accuracy.
  • Eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab demonstrated clear benefits in preventing NMOSD relapses across diverse patient populations, with noted differences in response between seropositive and seronegative patients.

Conclusions:

  • Recent research has significantly improved diagnostic capabilities for NMOSD.
  • Targeted therapies have led to approved treatments that effectively prevent relapses in NMOSD.