Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 7, 2025
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Customized Titanium Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures Using a Mirroring Technique for Virtual Reconstruction and 3D
Michael Blumer1, Rada Pejicic2, Thomas Gander1
1Consultant, Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Purpose:
Early operative reconstruction using titanium mesh is a technique often used for preventing sequelae after an orbital fracture. We sought to examine the utility of patient-specific molding of the mesh with a biomodel via virtual mirroring of the nonaffected side.
Methods:
We retrospectively assessed the clinical and radiological outcomes of orbital fracture reconstruction using a customized titanium mesh shaped on 3D-printed biomodels in 34 unilateral orbital fracture cases. Preoperative virtual orbital reconstruction images, using the mirroring technique, were superimposed on postoperative 3D images, and clinical data from patient charts were analyzed. Orbital reconstructions were rated, and the intention to revise results intraoperatively, or during inpatient or outpatient phases, was assessed by 2 consultants and 2 residents.
Results:
We found that most fractures arose from falls of <3 meters or from interpersonal violence. Ophthalmic injuries included subconjunctival bleeding, ocular contusion, enophthalmos, and diplopia. Long-term sequelae at last followup were diplopia (8.8%) and mild enophthalmos (11.8%).
Conclusion:
Interrater reliabilities regarding consultants' intention to revise results were substantial to almost perfect at any time point. Therefore, using the mirroring technique for the virtual reconstruction of a fractured orbit and a 3D-printed biomodel to customize commercial titanium implants yields good and reliable results, enhances surgical precision, and decreases the need for intraoperative revision, as well as long-term sequelae of orbital fractures.
