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SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development: Current Status
Gregory A Poland1, Inna G Ovsyannikova1, Stephen N Crooke1
1Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Abstract:
In the midst of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and its attendant morbidity and mortality, safe and efficacious vaccines are needed that induce protective and long-lived immune responses. More than 120 vaccine candidates worldwide are in various preclinical and phase 1 to 3 clinical trials that include inactivated, live-attenuated, viral-vectored replicating and nonreplicating, protein- and peptide-based, and nucleic acid approaches. Vaccines will be necessary both for individual protection and for the safe development of population-level herd immunity. Public-private partnership collaborative efforts, such as the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines mechanism, are key to rapidly identifying safe and effective vaccine candidates as quickly and efficiently as possible. In this article, we review the major vaccine approaches being taken and issues that must be resolved in the quest for vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease 2019. For this study, we scanned the PubMed database from 1963 to 2020 for all publications using the following search terms in various combinations: SARS, MERS, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, clinical trial, coronavirus, pandemic, and vaccine development. We also did a Web search for these same terms. In addition, we examined the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other public health authority websites. We excluded abstracts and all articles that were not written in English.
Insights
Developing safe and effective vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical. This review examines various vaccine approaches and challenges in achieving population-level immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Vaccinology
- Public Health
Background:
- The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic necessitates urgent development of safe and effective vaccines.
- Over 120 vaccine candidates are in development globally, employing diverse strategies like inactivated, viral-vectored, and nucleic acid-based approaches.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review major vaccine approaches for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
- To identify key issues and challenges in the ongoing vaccine development efforts.
- To highlight the importance of public-private partnerships in accelerating vaccine research.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature search of PubMed (1963-2020) using terms related to SARS, MERS, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccines, and clinical trials.
- Web searches for relevant information.
- Review of data from public health authorities like the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Main Results:
- A wide array of vaccine platforms are under investigation for COVID-19 prevention.
- Successful vaccine deployment requires addressing scientific, logistical, and public health challenges.
- Collaborative efforts are crucial for rapid identification and development of viable vaccine candidates.
Conclusions:
- Multiple vaccine strategies are being pursued to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Achieving herd immunity and individual protection hinges on the successful development and distribution of efficacious vaccines.
- Continued research and global collaboration are essential for overcoming the pandemic.
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