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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

611
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia
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Cost identification analysis of general anesthesia.

Rohit Malhotra1, Nishant Kumar1, Aruna Jain1

  • 1Department of Anaesthesia, Lady Hardinge Medical College Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi, India.

Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology
|October 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Low flow anesthesia using isoflurane is the most cost-effective general anesthesia (GA) technique, outperforming high-flow methods and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Minimizing drug wastage further reduces overall anesthesia costs.

Keywords:
Low flow anesthesiapharmacoeconomicstotal intravenous anesthesia

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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Rising healthcare costs necessitate cost-effective anesthetic strategies.
  • Anesthesiologists are exploring various general anesthesia (GA) modalities to manage expenses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the variable cost per case for different general anesthesia (GA) techniques.
  • To determine the cost of drug wastage as a percentage of total drug cost across various GA modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study involving 258 adult patients undergoing elective surgery under GA.
  • Cost analysis included drug utilization, anesthetic gases, consumables, and wastage, calculated at maximum retail price.
  • Patients were categorized into low flow sevoflurane, high flow sevoflurane, high flow isoflurane, low flow isoflurane, and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) groups.

Main Results:

  • Low flow isoflurane demonstrated the lowest mean variable cost (₹1981.62 ± 335.03), while TIVA had the highest (₹2713.82 ± 509.57).
  • Overall drug wastage was 13.1%, with the lowest wastage observed in the TIVA group and the highest in the low sevoflurane group.

Conclusions:

  • Low flow anesthesia with isoflurane is more cost-effective than high flow techniques and TIVA, even for shorter surgical durations.
  • Optimizing drug and consumable usage and minimizing wastage are key to reducing overall anesthesia costs.