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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

5.2K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

155
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
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Rituximab Hypersensitivity: From Clinical Presentation to Management.

Ghada E Fouda1, Sevim Bavbek2

  • 1Allergy and Immunology Center, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|October 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Rituximab hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) are common, ranging from mild to severe. Understanding these reactions, including cytokine release and IgE-mediated responses, is crucial for patient management and desensitization.

Keywords:
biologic agentsdesensitizationdrug allergyhypersensitivityinfusion reactionmonoclonal antibodyrituximabserum sickness

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 on B cells, treats various malignancies and autoimmune disorders.
  • While generally well-tolerated, rituximab use is linked to hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs).
  • HSRs encompass infusion-related, cytokine-release, IgE/non-IgE, mixed, Type III (serum sickness), and Type IV reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentations of rituximab-induced HSRs.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these hypersensitivity reactions.
  • To discuss management strategies, including rapid drug desensitization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical presentations and mechanisms of rituximab HSRs.
  • Analysis of reported cases and immunological studies.
  • Synthesis of current management guidelines and desensitization protocols.

Main Results:

  • Immediate infusion reactions are common, with severe cases occurring in ~10% of patients.
  • HSRs can be IgE-mediated, cytokine-release, mixed, Type III serum sickness, or Type IV delayed reactions.
  • Anti-rituximab antibodies (IgG, IgE) have been identified, contributing to hypersensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Rituximab-induced HSRs are diverse, requiring accurate classification and understanding of mechanisms.
  • Early recognition and appropriate management, including desensitization, are vital for continued rituximab therapy.
  • Further research into HSR mechanisms can optimize patient care and treatment outcomes.