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Neurological Damage by Coronaviruses: A Catastrophe in the Queue!

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Summary

Peripheral viral infections can cause delayed neurological disorders, even after recovery. This review explores how viruses like SARS-CoV-2 trigger central nervous system (CNS) damage and related neurological anomalies.

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InfluenzaSARS-CoV-2coronavirusescytokine stormencephalitismicroglial primingneuroinflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Neurological disorders are often linked to direct neurotropic viral infections.
  • Non-neurotropic or peripheral viral infections present a diagnostic challenge as neuropathologies manifest secondary to the primary infection, often post-recovery.
  • Massive inflammation from peripheral viral infections can induce a range of central nervous system (CNS) anomalies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of CNS susceptibility to peripheral viral infections.
  • To elucidate common themes in neuropathology induced by peripheral viruses in the human brain.
  • To discuss the mechanisms behind secondary or bystander pathologies following viral recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on viral neuropathogenesis.
  • Analysis of reported cases and experimental models of viral infections affecting the CNS.
  • Synthesis of information on the immunological and pathological consequences of peripheral viral infections on neurological function.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral viruses, including Measles virus, Enteroviruses, Influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, are implicated in diverse neurological manifestations.
  • Neurological damages range from cognitive and motor dysfunction to severe CNS conditions like Acute Necrotizing Hemorrhagic Encephalopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalitis, meningitis, anxiety, and audio-visual impairments.
  • Evidence from cellular and animal models confirms the neuropathogenic potential of these peripheral viruses.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral viral infections represent a significant, often delayed, cause of neurological disorders.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of bystander neuropathology is crucial for managing post-viral neurological complications.
  • This review highlights the broad impact of peripheral viruses on CNS health and disease.