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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
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IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

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The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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Three different Fourier-transform mid-infrared sampling techniques to characterize bio-organic samples.

Georgios Bekiaris1, Clément Peltre2,3, Søren T Barsberg4

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Journal of Environmental Quality
|October 5, 2020
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Summary

Photoacoustic (PAS) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy offers superior environmental sample characterization. PAS-FTIR provides more detailed spectra for opaque samples like soil and biochar compared to attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and diffuse reflectance (DR) FTIR.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is increasingly used for environmental sample analysis.
  • Traditional methods for characterizing environmental samples are often time-consuming and expensive.
  • A need exists to identify the optimal FTIR technique for diverse environmental sample types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of three common FTIR techniques for analyzing environmental samples.
  • To determine the best-suited FTIR method for different sample matrices (solid and liquid).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 11 environmental samples across four categories.
  • Utilized three widespread FTIR techniques: attenuated total reflectance (ATR), photoacoustic (PAS), and diffuse reflectance (DR).

Main Results:

  • Photoacoustic (PAS)-FTIR yielded the most informative spectra, particularly for opaque samples (organic waste, biochar, soil).
  • Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR excelled with soft samples like plant materials due to optimal crystal contact.
  • Diffuse reflectance (DR)-FTIR showed good performance but was sensitive to moisture and less effective for Si-related vibrations.

Conclusions:

  • PAS-FTIR is the recommended technique for characterizing opaque environmental samples.
  • ATR-FTIR is best suited for soft, pliable environmental materials.
  • DR-FTIR is a viable option but requires careful consideration of sample moisture and analytical targets.