Predicting greenhouse gas benefits of improved nitrogen management in North American maize

Farmers, food supply companies, and policymakers need practical yet scientifically robust methods to quantify how improved nitrogen (N) fertilizer management can reduce nitrous oxide (N₂ O) emissions. To meet this need, we developed an empirical model based on published field data for predicting N₂ O emission from rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) fields managed with inorganic N fertilizer in the United States and Canada. Nitrous oxide emissions ranged widely on an area basis (0.03-32.9 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 ) and a yield-scaled basis (0.006-4.8 kg N Mg^-1 grain yr^-1 ). We evaluated multiple modeling approaches and variables using three metrics of model fit (Akaike information criteria corrected for small sample sizes [AICc], RMSE, and R² ). Our model explains 32.8% of the total observed variation and 50% of observed site-level variation. Soil clay content was very important for predicting N₂ O emission and predicting the change in N₂ O emission due to a change in N balance, with the addition of a clay fixed effect explaining 37% of site-level variation. Sites with higher clay content showed greater reductions in N₂ O emission for a given reduction in N balance. Therefore, high-clay sites are particularly important targets for reducing N₂ O emissions. Our linear mixed model is more suitable for predicting the effect of improved N management on N₂ O emission in maize fields than other published models because it (a) requires only input data readily available on working farms, (b) is derived from field observations, (c) correctly represents differences among sites using a mixed modeling approach, and (d) includes soil texture because it strongly influences N₂ O emissions.