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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
33.3K
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

22.0K
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
22.0K
Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature02:19

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature

34.3K
Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
To understand this phenomenon, consider the elementary reaction:
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Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
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Nonequilibrium Attractor in High-Temperature QCD Plasmas.

Dekrayat Almaalol1, Aleksi Kurkela2,3, Michael Strickland1

  • 1Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 5, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study finds a universal far-from-equilibrium attractor in Bjorken expansion, showing early conditions don't affect later evolution. This simplifies understanding particle behavior in high-energy collisions.

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Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Nuclear Collisions

Background:

  • Understanding the far-from-equilibrium evolution of matter created in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions is crucial.
  • Weakly coupled gauge theories provide a theoretical framework for studying such systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the existence of a far-from-equilibrium attractor in one-dimensional Bjorken expansion.
  • To investigate the insensitivity of this evolution to initial conditions.
  • To assess reconstruction procedures for the one-particle distribution function.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of weakly coupled gauge theory.
  • Study of one-dimensional Bjorken expansion dynamics.
  • Examination of the energy-momentum tensor and one-particle distribution function.

Main Results:

  • Existence of a far-from-equilibrium attractor demonstrated.
  • Evolution found to be insensitive to initial momentum-space anisotropy and occupancy.
  • Insensitivity extends to the one-particle distribution function, not just the energy-momentum tensor.

Conclusions:

  • The far-from-equilibrium attractor simplifies the description of matter evolution.
  • Reconstruction procedures for the one-particle distribution function can be improved.
  • Implications for the freeze-out procedure in phenomenological analyses are discussed.