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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Could Aberrant Migration Explain Metachronous Germ Cell Tumors?

Pierre Kubicek1, Tanguy Fenouil2, Julien Jacquemus3

  • 1Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France.

Cancer Investigation
|October 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Metachronous germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, potentially arising from multiple misplaced primordial germ cells (PGCs). Cisplatin treatment may select for chemoresistant clones, complicating future therapies for these distinct GCTs.

Keywords:
Metachronousgerminomamigrationnonseminomatous germ cell tumorsprimordial gonadal cells

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, believed to originate from misplaced primordial germ cells (PGCs) during embryonic development.
  • Metachronous GCTs, occurring sequentially at typical primary sites, are exceptionally uncommon, excluding bilateral testicular tumors.

Observation:

  • This study analyzed three Caucasian males with metachronous GCTs, presenting with diverse tumor types and locations.
  • Case 1: Pineal germinoma 19 years post-mediastinal seminoma (chemotherapy). Case 2: Pineal non-seminomatous GCT (NSGCT) 3 years post-mediastinal seminoma (chemotherapy). Case 3: Mediastinal seminoma with suprasellar germinoma 2 years post-testicular NSGCT (surgery).
  • No family history or disorders of sex development were noted. Molecular analysis in two cases revealed distinct tumor profiles and potential chemoresistance mechanisms.

Findings:

  • Metachronous GCTs in distinct anatomical locations can occur, challenging the notion of relapse.
  • Molecular data suggested distinct origins for multiple GCTs in one patient and potential cisplatin resistance linked to CHEK2 gene alterations in another.
  • The occurrence of multiple GCTs may be attributed to multiple PGC misplacements during embryogenesis.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider the possibility of multiple primary GCTs rather than metastases or relapses.
  • Understanding the distinct origins and potential chemoresistance of metachronous GCTs is crucial for effective treatment strategies.
  • Early identification and molecular profiling may guide therapeutic decisions and improve outcomes for patients with multiple GCTs.