Myogenic marker expression as a function of age and exercise-based therapy in the tongue

Degeneration of tongue muscles with aging may contribute to swallowing deficits observed in elderly people. However, the capacity for tongue muscle stem cells (SCs) to regenerate and repair the aged tongue and improve tongue strength following tongue exercise (a current clinical treatment) has never been examined. We found that the expression of regenerative, myogenic markers were impaired with age and may be related to increased expression of senescent marker p16^INK4a. Tongue strength increased in young adult and old rats following exercise and was related to the expression of Pax7, MyoD, myogenin, and p16^INK4a. Our study also suggests that strengthening of tongue muscles via clinical rehabilitation strategies also increased the expression of SC regenerative markers in the tongue throughout the exercise duration.