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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

122
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
155
Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

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In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

170
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

251
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

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Cognitive Function and Urologic Medications for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

Yeon Joo Kim1, Bum Sik Tae2, Jae Hyun Bae2

  • 1Department of Urology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea.

International Neurourology Journal
|October 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

When prescribing medications for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older adults, consider potential cognitive side effects. Anticholinergic drugs, particularly oxybutynin, may impair cognition, while beta-3 agonists show promise but require long-term data.

Keywords:
5-Alpha reductase inhibitorsAdrenergic alpha-antagonistsAdrenergic beta-3 agonistsCholinergic antagonistsCognitive dysfunctionDementia

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Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Older adults frequently experience lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
  • Medication selection for LUTS in this demographic requires careful consideration of potential cognitive side effects.
  • Existing literature presents a complex picture of drug-induced cognitive impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between current LUTS treatments and cognitive impairment in patients aged 65 and older.
  • To provide an overview of drug selection and considerations for managing LUTS in the elderly.
  • To highlight specific medications with potential neurological impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of studies on urologic medications and cognitive dysfunction.
  • Focused on articles indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase.
  • No formal search strategy or meta-analysis was performed.

Main Results:

  • Alpha-blockers' effects on cognition are not well-reported; tamsulosin's link to dementia is debated.
  • Five-alpha reductase inhibitors may affect mood, but dementia association is unlikely.
  • Anticholinergic agents (except trospium, fesoterodine, imdafenacin) can cross the blood-brain barrier, with oxybutynin noted for cognitive impairment.
  • Beta-3 agonists are generally well-tolerated for overactive bladder (OAB), but long-term cognitive effects need further study.

Conclusions:

  • Careful selection of LUTS medications is crucial for older patients to minimize cognitive risks.
  • Anticholinergic agents require caution due to potential central nervous system effects.
  • Further research, including long-term studies, is needed to fully understand the cognitive impact of various LUTS treatments in the elderly.