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Related Concept Videos

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis
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Monocyte subsets predict mortality after cardiac arrest.

Konstantin A Krychtiuk1, Max Lenz1, Bernhard Richter1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology
|October 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Immune cell changes after cardiac arrest impact survival. Intermediate monocytes (IM) increase in non-survivors 72 hours post-cardiac arrest, suggesting a role for innate immunity in post-cardiac arrest syndrome.

Keywords:
cardiac arrestinnate immunitymonocyte subsetsmonocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Post-successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), patients often exhibit heightened immune activation.
  • Monocytes, key immune cells, comprise distinct subsets: classical (CM), intermediate (IM), and non-classical (NCM), identifiable by flow cytometry.
  • Understanding these monocyte subsets may offer insights into post-cardiac arrest outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between monocyte subset distribution and clinical outcomes in patients following cardiac arrest.
  • To determine if specific monocyte subsets can predict survival and neurological function at 6 months post-cardiac arrest.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 53 medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients admitted after cardiac arrest was studied.
  • Blood samples were collected on ICU admission and at 72 hours.
  • Monocyte subsets (CM, IM, NCM) were analyzed using flow cytometry, with primary endpoints of 6-month survival and neurological outcome (CPC score).

Main Results:

  • Six-month mortality was 50.9%, with 37.7% achieving good neurological outcome.
  • Monocyte subset distribution on admission did not correlate with survival.
  • At 72 hours, non-survivors showed a higher percentage of pro-inflammatory IM and a lower percentage of CM compared to survivors.
  • IM subset levels independently predicted outcome and correlated with the cerebral performance category (CPC) score.

Conclusions:

  • The distribution of monocyte subsets, particularly the pro-inflammatory IM, changes significantly by 72 hours post-cardiac arrest in non-survivors.
  • Intermediate monocytes may serve as a predictive biomarker for outcomes in post-cardiac arrest patients.
  • These findings highlight a potential role for the innate immune system in the pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest syndrome.